When Do Aircraft Lights Look Like UFOs?

Introduction

Quebec’s busiest skies create ideal conditions for ordinary aircraft to look extraordinary. Around Montreal, passenger jets, cargo aircraft, helicopters and training flights move through overlapping airport zones, often at night and through haze, cloud or light pollution. Seen head-on, a distant aircraft may appear almost stationary; when it turns, its bright landing lights can fade abruptly and reveal a changing pattern of red, green and white lights. Without reliable distance cues, that routine manoeuvre may be remembered as hovering, sudden acceleration or disappearance.

Pilots are better trained than most witnesses, but they are not immune to visual ambiguity. Several airline crews near Sherbrooke reported strange moving lights in February 2023, yet the available record did not establish their distance, speed or physical nature. Such reports deserve attention because they involve aviation professionals and air-traffic channels, but professional testimony alone cannot supply missing measurements. In Quebec UFO history, the central lesson is therefore not that airport sightings are worthless. It is that lights near flight corridors must be reconstructed against traffic, viewing geometry, weather and surveillance coverage before “unidentified” is treated as evidence of unusual technology.[canada.ca]tc.canada.caTransport Canada4High Altitude Object Incidents - Transports Canada11 Aug 2023 — Transport Canada is aware of the recent sightings. Reporting System (CADO…

Montreal’s crowded aviation landscape

Greater Montreal is not served by a single isolated airport. Montréal–Trudeau handles the region’s main scheduled passenger traffic, while Montréal–Mirabel is an important cargo and aerospace centre. Montréal Metropolitan Airport at Saint-Hubert adds commercial, general-aviation and training activity on the South Shore. Transport Canada identifies Montréal–Trudeau, Mirabel and Québec City Jean Lesage as Quebec’s three airports in the National Airports System, while current airspace arrangements also place Trudeau and Saint-Hubert control zones close enough that NAV CANADA has adjusted their shared boundary to reduce controller workload.[canada.ca]tc.canada.caIn 2024, the Canada Infrastructure Bank announced a $90-million investment towards construction of a new domestic commercial passenger te…

This matters to observers because the visible sky does not correspond neatly to municipal boundaries. A person who says they are “nowhere near an airport” may still be beneath an arrival route, departure track, helicopter transit or holding pattern. Aircraft approaching Trudeau can remain aligned towards an observer for several minutes. Traffic associated with Mirabel may be visible far from the airport because cargo jets begin descending or turning over a broad area. Saint-Hubert adds smaller aircraft whose lower altitude, slower speed and frequent turns may look less familiar than airline traffic.

Montreal’s terminal airspace is complex enough to have its own specialised aeronautical chart. NAV CANADA describes terminal-area charts as tools for places where the airspace structure around arrivals and departures is relatively complicated. The Canada Flight Supplement likewise contains specific procedures for visual flights around Trudeau, Saint-Hubert, Mirabel and Montreal’s terminal Class C airspace. That does not prove that any particular UFO report was an aircraft, but it raises the prior likelihood of aviation-related misidentification across a large part of the metropolitan region.[products.navcanada.ca]products.navcanada.caNA V CanadaThe eighteen-chart TAC series is for use up to but not including, 18,000 feet ASL within Canadian Domestic Airspace and that airspace ove…

A useful modern example appeared in March 2023, when video of clustered lights over Montreal spread online as a possible UFO sighting. Later identification work linked the formations to Royal Canadian Air Force CH-146 Griffon helicopters. The explanation was plausible because several helicopters flying together can create a shape that appears rigid at a distance, while darkness hides the separate airframes. The case illustrates a recurring problem: viewers see a geometrical pattern of lights and infer one large object, even when the pattern belongs to several conventional aircraft.[Newsweek]newsweek.comUFOs Identified After Video Viewed Nearly Half a Million TimesUFOs Identified After Video Viewed Nearly Half a Million Times

When aircraft lights change shape

Canadian aircraft lighting standards require combinations that are useful for collision avoidance but easily misread from the ground. A conventional aeroplane has a steady red position light on its left side, a green light on its right and white light visible towards the rear. Anti-collision systems may flash red, white or alternating colours. Landing lights are usually powerful white lamps aimed forward, so their apparent brightness depends strongly on whether the aircraft is pointing towards the observer.[Transport Canada]tc.canada.caOpen source on canada.ca.

From a favourable angle, these lights make an aircraft recognisable. From an unfavourable one, they can produce several classic “UFO” effects.

A bright light that hovers. An approaching aircraft may travel almost directly along the observer’s line of sight. Its angular position against the sky changes very little, even though it is moving rapidly closer. The landing lights remain prominent while the body and wing lights are lost in darkness. The result can resemble a brilliant stationary object.

A light that suddenly shoots sideways. When the aircraft begins its base-to-final turn or follows a curved arrival route, the previously small angular movement becomes obvious. The observer may interpret the transition from head-on approach to crosswise motion as an abrupt acceleration, although the aircraft’s actual speed has changed little.

A light that disappears instantly. Landing lights are directional. As an aircraft turns away, the main beam can cease to point towards the witness and appear to switch off. Thin cloud, haze and patches of precipitation can sharpen the effect by alternately concealing and revealing the aircraft.

A triangle or disc made from separate points. Wingtip, tail, landing and anti-collision lights may be perceived as the outline of a dark structure. Several aircraft or helicopters in formation can create an even larger apparent shape. Darkness supplies no visible edges, so the mind connects the lights into a single object.

Colour changes without a change of object. A turn can expose different combinations of red, green and white position lights. Atmospheric scattering, windows, camera sensors and digital zoom can further alter their apparent colour. A witness may therefore describe one object changing colour when the simpler explanation is a changing viewing angle.

These effects are not merely excuses invented for UFO cases. Transport Canada itself uses aircraft light combinations to explain how observers can infer direction: seeing red and green together suggests an aircraft approaching, while red with white or green alone indicates other orientations. The same geometry that helps trained observers identify traffic can mislead people who do not know what the pattern means.[Transport Canada]tc.canada.caaim 2025 1 rpa eaim 2025 1 rpa e

Why distance and motion are so easy to misjudge

A point of light carries almost no built-in information about size. A small nearby drone, a helicopter several kilometres away and an airliner much farther out can occupy a similar angle in the observer’s vision. Unless the object passes in front of a known landmark, produces a clearly local sound or can be compared with radar or flight data, estimates of height, speed and dimensions are largely dependent on assumptions.

This is why apparently precise UFO descriptions can be unstable. A witness may report that a light crossed several kilometres in seconds, but that calculation usually begins by assigning it an altitude or distance that was never measured. If the assumed range is ten times too great, the calculated speed and size may also be roughly ten times too great. Reports of “impossible acceleration” are therefore weak when they are based only on movement across a featureless night sky.

One well-known visual effect is autokinesis. A small stationary light viewed against darkness can appear to drift, dart or change direction because there is no stable visual reference against which to judge it. The effect is recognised in aviation safety literature and has been demonstrated experimentally; tiny involuntary eye movements and the absence of surrounding cues contribute to the impression that the light itself is moving.[skybrary.aero]skybrary.aeroOpen source on skybrary.aero.

Cloud and haze add another layer. A bright aircraft light may illuminate moisture around it, creating a larger glowing patch than the physical source. Intervening cloud can make separate lights merge, blur or pulse. Near cities, skyglow reduces contrast and hides aircraft structure while leaving the brightest lamps visible. The witness may then see only an apparently detached luminous object.

Pilots confront related problems from the opposite viewpoint. Transport Canada warns that night flying is especially vulnerable to deteriorating weather and the “black-hole” illusion, in which an absence of ground detail distorts height and approach judgement. Aviation safety guidance also notes that unfamiliar runway environments, bright city lights, off-airport lighting and poor visibility can create false impressions of distance, alignment or altitude. These are operational hazards precisely because experience does not eliminate the limitations of human vision.[canada.ca]tc.canada.caTransport Canada Hazards Associated with Flying at NightTransport Canada Hazards Associated with Flying at Night

What pilots reported near Sherbrooke

One of Quebec’s more interesting recent aviation-linked reports occurred near Sherbrooke on 12 February 2023. According to reporting based on Transport Canada’s Civil Aviation Daily Occurrence Reporting System, crews aboard several airliners described two or three unusual lights above the flight paths. The lights were said to move in a rapid or irregular manner, and the observations were relayed through air-traffic channels. The occurrence was later highlighted in Canadian coverage of 17 aviation UFO reports recorded during 2023.[youtube.com]youtube.comOpen source on youtube.com.

The case is stronger than a lone roadside sighting in several respects. More than one flight crew appears to have noticed the lights, the event entered an official aviation reporting system, and the witnesses were accustomed to viewing aircraft and celestial objects from altitude. Multiple independent observers can reduce the risk that a report is caused solely by one person’s eyesight, imagination or camera artefact.

Yet those strengths do not answer the crucial questions. The public summary does not provide a triangulated position, measured range, confirmed altitude or instrument-derived speed. It is unclear from the published information whether every crew saw the same physical source from sufficiently separated positions to calculate its location. Descriptions such as “above the flight paths” or “moving rapidly” are impressions unless connected to angular measurements and exact aircraft positions.

Altitude can also make ordinary objects behave unexpectedly in the visual field. From a moving cockpit, distant satellites, other aircraft, stars near the horizon and lights seen through layered cloud may appear to change direction because the observing aircraft is itself turning or advancing. Reflections from cockpit windows are another possibility in some pilot cases, although an external source seen independently by several crews would make a single-aircraft reflection less convincing.

The responsible classification is therefore unresolved but data-poor, not extraordinary. The report establishes that experienced crews saw something they could not immediately identify. It does not establish a craft performing measured high-speed manoeuvres. Later publicity increased awareness of the event, but did not publicly add the sensor data needed to turn qualitative impressions into a reconstructable flight path.

Pilot testimony is valuable, not infallible

Pilots are often presented in UFO discussions as near-perfect observers. That overstates their role. Their training gives them useful advantages: familiarity with navigation lights, weather, air routes, relative motion and standard aircraft behaviour. A pilot who reports that a light looked unlike nearby traffic deserves more weight than an unsupported social-media caption.

However, pilots are trained principally to operate aircraft safely, not to determine the distance and velocity of isolated luminous targets without instruments. Night vision, glare, fatigue, divided attention and lack of scale affect professionals as well as the public. Aviation training materials exist precisely because visual illusions can mislead experienced crews during real operations.

Credibility should also be separated from identification. A sincere and competent witness can accurately report an experience — “I saw three lights move relative to one another” — while being mistaken about its cause or distance. Calling such a person credible does not confirm their interpretation. Conversely, finding an ordinary explanation does not imply that the original witness lied.

The best pilot cases are those in which testimony is joined by information that can be checked independently: exact time, aircraft position, bearing and elevation of the light, duration, weather, radio exchanges, surveillance data and observations from more than one location. Without those elements, professional status improves the report’s seriousness but does not resolve it.

What radar silence really means

The phrase “nothing appeared on radar” is frequently treated as decisive evidence in Quebec UFO stories, especially accounts connected with Montreal’s airports. In reality, its meaning depends on which surveillance system was consulted, what area it covered, the object’s height and size, whether it carried a functioning transponder, and whether controllers were looking at the relevant recording and time.

Modern air-traffic surveillance is layered. Secondary surveillance radar depends on signals associated with aircraft transponders, while primary radar detects reflected energy from objects within its coverage. Canada also uses technologies such as Automatic Dependent Surveillance–Broadcast, in which aircraft transmit position information. NAV CANADA documentation describes secondary-radar coverage and the continuing development of layered surveillance, including radar and ADS-B.[NAV CANADA]navcanada.caenreng14 may 2026enreng14 may 2026Published: may 2026

A normal transponder-equipped airliner operating in controlled Montreal airspace should generally be conspicuous to air-traffic services. If witnesses place a large conventional aircraft at a particular altitude and position while controllers report no corresponding tracked traffic, that is relevant evidence against that simple scenario.

But radar silence cannot rule out every ordinary source:

Transport Canada expressly warns that the label “UFO” in its Civil Aviation Daily Occurrence Reporting System can include drones, balloons, meteors, weather phenomena and birds. CADORS is an occurrence-reporting database, not a catalogue of confirmed anomalous vehicles, and its entries are often preliminary. The system was created to collect timely aviation-safety information from sources including air-traffic services, operators, airports and the public.[Transport Canada]tc.canada.caTransport Canada4High Altitude Object Incidents - Transports Canada11 Aug 2023 — Transport Canada is aware of the recent sightings. Reporting System (CADO…

The strongest interpretation of negative radar evidence is therefore narrow: no relevant tracked object was found within the system and search parameters used. That may weaken an aircraft explanation, particularly for a supposedly large object in well-covered controlled airspace. It does not by itself demonstrate that a solid object was present, nor that it possessed stealth or other unusual technology.

Approach lights and other false “objects”

Aircraft are not the only aviation lights that generate confusion. Airports contain approach-light arrays, runway edge lights, precision approach path indicators, taxiway lights and obstruction beacons. Their arrangement is designed to create recognisable geometry for pilots, but from an unfamiliar position it may resemble a luminous row, triangle or hovering cluster.

Approach and runway lighting can be seen over long distances at night. Atmospheric refraction, undulating terrain and partial obstruction by buildings or trees may reveal only part of the installation. A witness moving in a vehicle can then experience parallax: nearby objects shift rapidly against distant lights, making fixed airport lamps appear to move or separate.

Red obstruction lights on towers and tall structures are another common trap. Canadian standards include steady red lamps, flashing red beacons and white flashing systems. In mist or low cloud, only the brightest upper lights may be visible, apparently suspended without a supporting mast. Several towers viewed along the same line of sight can create an apparently organised formation.[Transport Canada]tc.canada.caTransport Canada Standard 621Transport Canada Standard 621

Misidentified ground lighting becomes less likely when a light changes bearing substantially from a stationary viewpoint, passes in front of stars or cloud, or is independently tracked from separated locations. But a short video taken through a moving car window rarely supplies that information. Before treating such footage as an airborne object, investigators need the camera location, direction, movement of the observer and the positions of nearby airports, heliports and illuminated structures.

How to assess an airport-area UFO report

The most useful investigation begins with reconstruction rather than argument. For Quebec sightings near Montreal, Québec City, Sherbrooke or regional airports, six questions usually separate a potentially interesting case from an ordinary light seen under poor conditions.

1. Where was the witness looking? A street address or coordinates and a compass bearing are more valuable than “over Montreal”. The same light may sit directly on an arrival path when plotted accurately.
2. Was the observer moving? Motion in a car, train or aircraft can create apparent movement through parallax and reflections. A stationary observation from a known location is easier to analyse.
3. Which lights were visible? Steady white, flashing white, red, green and alternating patterns can indicate aircraft orientation. A bright white light that later resolves into red and green is strongly consistent with an approaching aircraft turning across the line of sight.
4. What was the exact time? Even a difference of several minutes can match or exclude a particular flight. Approximate times sharply reduce the value of traffic reconstruction.
5. What were the weather and cloud layers? Haze, mist, precipitation and low cloud can enlarge, merge or intermittently hide lights. They can also conceal the aircraft body and create the impression that the glow itself is the object.
6. What independent records exist? Air-traffic audio, CADORS entries, airport operations, photographs from separate locations and surveillance information are more useful than repeated copies of the same video. Public flight-tracking sites can provide leads, but incomplete coverage or missing data should not be mistaken for proof that no aircraft was present.

A report becomes more persuasive when several observers at known, separated positions record the same object against background stars or landmarks, allowing triangulation. It becomes weaker when estimates of speed and size depend entirely on an assumed distance, when the only evidence is a zoomed light, or when a plausible aircraft matches the time and direction.

The balance of evidence

Quebec’s airports and flight corridors do not explain every unusual light report. The Sherbrooke pilot observations remain publicly unresolved, and some historical cases lack enough surviving information for a confident identification. An honest assessment should preserve that uncertainty rather than assigning an explanation that the evidence cannot demonstrate.

Nevertheless, aviation provides one of the province’s most important recurring sources of false mystery. Montreal’s overlapping airport environments place many observers beneath complex traffic. Aircraft lights alter dramatically with viewing angle. Darkness removes scale and depth, autokinesis creates apparent movement, and cloud can hide airframes while magnifying lamps. Even pilots can report something genuinely unidentified when the available information is insufficient for recognition.

The key distinction is between unidentified at the time and shown to be anomalous. An airport controller, pilot or police officer may be unable to name a light during an event, while later reconstruction identifies aircraft, helicopters or fixed installations. In other cases, records remain too sparse to decide. Radar silence can narrow the options but cannot transform an ambiguous light into proof of a solid craft. Within Quebec’s UFO history, aviation-linked sightings are most valuable when they expose exactly where eyewitness evidence is strong, where it is fragile and which missing measurements would make the difference.

Amazon book picks

Further Reading

Books and field guides related to When Do Aircraft Lights Look Like UFOs?. Use these as the next step if you want deeper reading beyond the article.

Book

UFOs: Generals, Pilots, and Government Officials Go on the Re...

By Leslie Kean

NEW YORK TIMES BESTSELLER • Impeccably researched, this riveting journalistic investigation separates fact from fiction, and documents th...

See on Amazon

Book

The Demon-Haunted World

By Carl Sagan

NEW YORK TIMES BESTSELLER • From the renowned astronomer and author of Cosmos comes a “powerful [and] stirring defense of informed ration...

See on Amazon

Book

Human Factors in Flight

By Frank H. Hawkins

First published 1987. Subjects: Human engineering, Airplanes, Design and construction, Flight, Flight, physiological aspects.

See on Amazon

Book

The Invisible Gorilla: How Our Intuitions Deceive Us

By Christopher Chabris, Daniel Simons

NEW YORK TIMES BESTSELLER • Our minds don’t work the way we think they do. Two renowned psychologists explain how and why our intuitions...

See on Amazon

Browse more on Amazon: UFOs: Generals, Pilots, and Government Officials Go on the Record The Demon Haunted World Human Factors in Flight

As an Amazon Associate I earn from qualifying purchases.

eBay marketplace picks

Marketplace Samples

Live-tested eBay searches with available results related to this page.

Shop location

UsingUSA USA USAUKCanadaAustraliaIreland

Selected fromaviation poster oneBay.co.uk.

Related eBay result

Washtington to New York, Vintage Aviation Poster - Archival Matte Paper Print

GBP 33.98 | Free shippingNewSeller: unmarkedcollections (100.0% positive)Ships from: GB

View listing on eBay

Related eBay result

Vintage Aviation Poster Wall Art - Retro Airplane Decor Fine Art Print

GBP 27.99 | Free shippingNewSeller: the wall art store (99.5% positive)Ships from: GB

View listing on eBay

Related eBay result

Spitfire aviation poster wall art print un framed various size options available

GBP 3.49 | Free shippingNewSeller: colourmotion (100.0% positive)Ships from: GB

View listing on eBay

Related eBay result

1930s Flying Lesson Poster "Learn to Fly" Vintage Style Aviation Poster - 24x32

GBP 22.30 | Shipping GBP 13.96NewSeller: artscape galleries (99.9% positive)Ships from: US

View listing on eBay

Browse more oneBay.co.uk

Example items shown for inspiration; availability and pricing can change. Branchoria may earn a commission if you purchase through outbound eBay links.

Endnotes

1. Source: tc.canada.ca
Title: Transport Canada4
Link:https://tc.canada.ca/en/binder/4-high-altitude-object-incidents

2. Source: ised-isde.canada.ca
Link:https://ised-isde.canada.ca/site/science/en/office-chief-science-advisor/sky-canada-project/management-public-reporting-unidentified-aerial-phenomena-canada

3. Source: tc.canada.ca
Link:https://tc.canada.ca/en/corporate-services/transparency/briefing-documents-transport-canada/2025-3/corporate-structure/tc-regions/quebec-region

4. Source: navcanada.ca
Title: 3.5.4-13 St-Hubert, QC
Link:https://www.navcanada.ca/en/flight-planning/service-notices/2026-05-14-montreal.aspx

Published: May 14, 2026

5. Source: products.navcanada.ca
Title: NA V Canada
Link:https://products.navcanada.ca/TAC.html

6. Source: navcanada.ca
Title: NAV CANADACFS
Link:https://www.navcanada.ca/en/ecfs_05_en.pdf

7. Source: newsweek.com
Title: UFOs Identified After Video Viewed Nearly Half a Million Times
Link:https://www.newsweek.com/ufo-montreal-video-twitter-identified-1787925

8. Source: tc.canada.ca
Link:https://tc.canada.ca/en/corporate-services/acts-regulations/list-regulations/canadian-aviation-regulations-sor-96-433/standards/standard-625-aircraft-equipment-maintenance-standard/standard-625-schedule-1-position-anti-collision-light-systems-canadian-aviation-regulations-cars

9. Source: tc.canada.ca
Title: Transport Canada Airworthiness Manual Chapter 523
Link:https://tc.canada.ca/en/corporate-services/acts-regulations/list-regulations/canadian-aviation-regulations-sor-96-433/standards/airworthiness-manual-chapter-523-vla-very-light-aeroplanes-canadian-aviation-regulations-cars

10. Source: tc.canada.ca
Title: aim 2025 1 rpa e
Link:https://tc.canada.ca/sites/default/files/2025-03/aim-2025-1_rpa-e.pdf

11. Source: skybrary.aero
Link:https://skybrary.aero/articles/autokinetic-effect

12. Source: pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Link:https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10965040/

13. Source: tc.canada.ca
Title: Transport Canada Hazards Associated with Flying at Night
Link:https://tc.canada.ca/en/aviation/publications/system-safety-summer-briefing-kit-tp-14112/hazards-associated-flying-night-powerpoint-presentation

14. Source: skybrary.aero
Link:https://skybrary.aero/articles/night-visual-approaches

15. Source: youtube.com
Link:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yuwQMa0xL28

16. Source: navcanada.ca
Title: enreng14 may 2026
Link:https://www.navcanada.ca/en/enreng14-may-2026.pdf
Published: may 2026

17. Source: navcanada.ca
Link:https://www.navcanada.ca/en/ans-outlook.pdf

18. Source: tc.canada.ca
Title: civil aviation daily occurrence reporting system cadors
Link:https://tc.canada.ca/en/aviation/publications/aviation-safety-letter/issue-2-2021/civil-aviation-daily-occurrence-reporting-system-cadors

19. Source: search.open.canada.ca
Link:https://search.open.canada.ca/qpnotes/record/tc%2CTC-2022-QP-00005

20. Source: tc.canada.ca
Title: Transport Canada Standard 621
Link:https://tc.canada.ca/en/corporate-services/acts-regulations/list-regulations/canadian-aviation-regulations-sor-96-433/standards/standard-621-obstacle-marking-lighting-canadian-aviation-regulations-cars

21. Source: tc.canada.ca
Title: Transport Canada Part VI
Link:https://tc.canada.ca/en/corporate-services/acts-regulations/list-regulations/canadian-aviation-regulations-sor-96-433/standards/part-vi-general-operating-flight-rules-0

22. Source: nserc-crsng.canada.ca
Link:https://nserc-crsng.canada.ca/en/funding-decisions/result/876

23. Source: nserc-crsng.canada.ca
Link:https://nserc-crsng.canada.ca/en/funding-decisions/result/871

24. Source: nserc-crsng.canada.ca
Link:https://nserc-crsng.canada.ca/en/funding-decisions/result/2257

25. Source: nserc-crsng.canada.ca
Link:https://nserc-crsng.canada.ca/fr/funding-decisions/result/876

26. Source: mirabel.ca
Title: joue un rôle clé dans la mobilité aérienne avancée (MAA) | Ville de Mirabel
Link:https://mirabel.ca/actualites/26/04/15/mirabel-joue-un-role-cle-dans-la-mobilite-aerienne-avancee-maa?cat=d261e424-d002-4c14-ae76-7c3d2237c59e

27. Source: nserc-crsng.canada.ca
Link:https://nserc-crsng.canada.ca/en/funding/review-committee/2026-research-tools-ship-time-allocations-review-committee

28. Source: nserc-crsng.canada.ca
Title: 2023 science exposed finalists
Link:https://nserc-crsng.canada.ca/en/science-exposed/2023-science-exposed-finalists

29. Source: nserc-crsng.canada.ca
Title: la preuve par limage finalistes 2023
Link:https://nserc-crsng.canada.ca/fr/la-preuve-par-limage/la-preuve-par-limage-finalistes-2023

30. Source: nserc-crsng.canada.ca
Title: la preuve par limage finalistes 2022
Link:https://nserc-crsng.canada.ca/fr/la-preuve-par-limage/la-preuve-par-limage-finalistes-2022

31. Source: nserc-crsng.canada.ca
Title: 2022 science exposed finalists
Link:https://nserc-crsng.canada.ca/en/science-exposed/2022-science-exposed-finalists

32. Source: nserc-crsng.canada.ca
Link:https://nserc-crsng.canada.ca/en/funding/review-committee/2023-dimensions-recognition-any-discipline

33. Source: navcanada.ca
Title: NA V CANADA Service changes at Montréal-Mirabel Airport: What you need to know
Link:https://www.navcanada.ca/en/news/blog/service-changes-at-montreal-mirabel-airport-what-you-need-to-know.aspx

34. Source: navcanada.ca
Link:https://www.navcanada.ca/fr/nouvelles/blogue/changements-de-services-a-laeroport-montreal-mirabel–ce-que-vous-devez-savoir.aspx

35. Source: navcanada.ca
Link:https://www.navcanada.ca/en/flight-planning/service-notices/2020-01-30-montreal.aspx

36. Source: navcanada.ca
Link:https://www.navcanada.ca/en/news/news-releases/nav-canada-launches-new-air-traffic-control-service-at-ymx-international-aerocity-of-mirabel.aspx

37. Source: navcanada.ca
Link:https://www.navcanada.ca/fr/planification-de-vol/avis-de-service/2020-01-30-montreal.aspx

38. Source: navcanada.ca
Link:https://www.navcanada.ca/en/nav-drone-web-flightmap-geozones-and-notams.aspx

39. Source: products.navcanada.ca
Title: ca NA V Canada
Link:https://products.navcanada.ca/E-ICAO-Montreal-Mirabel-Intl-CYMX-06-24.html

40. Source: navcanada.ca
Title: geneng14 may 2026
Link:https://www.navcanada.ca/en/geneng14-may-2026.pdf
Published: may 2026

41. Source: navcanada.ca
Title: geneng19 march 2026
Link:https://www.navcanada.ca/en/geneng19-march-2026.pdf
Published: march 2026

42. Source: navcanada.ca
Title: cnop v12 04172026
Link:https://www.navcanada.ca/en/comms/_localized-assets/guides/cnop/cnop-v12-04172026.pdf

43. Source: navcanada.ca
Title: ecfs 02 en
Link:https://www.navcanada.ca/en/ecfs_02_en.pdf

44. Source: navcanada.ca
Link:https://www.navcanada.ca/en/ecfs_07_en.pdf

45. Source: navcanada.ca
Link:https://www.navcanada.ca/en/ecfs_04_en.pdf

46. Source: navcanada.ca
Link:https://www.navcanada.ca/en/ecfs_01_en.pdf

47. Source: tc.canada.ca
Title: ca Civil aviation contacts and offices
Link:https://tc.canada.ca/en/aviation/civil-aviation-contacts-offices

48. Source: tc.canada.ca
Title: civil aviation daily occurrence reporting system cadors manual tp 4044
Link:https://tc.canada.ca/en/aviation/aviation-publications/civil-aviation-daily-occurrence-reporting-system-cadors-manual-tp-4044

49. Source: tc.canada.ca
Title: ca Aviation Publications
Link:https://tc.canada.ca/en/aviation/aviation-publications

50. Source: nserc-crsng.canada.ca
Title: 2024 science exposed finalists
Link:https://nserc-crsng.canada.ca/en/science-exposed/2024-science-exposed-finalists

51. Source: tc.canada.ca
Title: ca Standard 325
Link:https://tc.canada.ca/en/corporate-services/acts-regulations/list-regulations/canadian-aviation-regulations-sor-96-433/standards/standard-325-heliports-canadian-aviation-regulations-cars

52. Source: tc.canada.ca
Title: aim 2020 1 e aga
Link:https://tc.canada.ca/sites/default/files/migrated/aim_2020_1_e_aga.pdf

53. Source: tc.canada.ca
Title: ca Airworthiness Manual Chapter 527 Subchapter F
Link:https://tc.canada.ca/en/corporate-services/acts-regulations/list-regulations/canadian-aviation-regulations-sor-96-433/standards/airworthiness-manual-chapter-527-normal-category-rotorcraft/airworthiness-manual-chapter-527-subchapter-f-equipment-canadian-aviation-regulations-cars

54. Source: tc.canada.ca
Title: ca Advisory Circular (AC) No. 302-001
Link:https://tc.canada.ca/en/aviation/reference-centre/advisory-circulars/advisory-circular-ac-no

55. Source: tc.canada.ca
Title: ca Airworthiness Manual Chapter 523 Subchapter F
Link:https://tc.canada.ca/en/corporate-services/acts-regulations/list-regulations/canadian-aviation-regulations-sor-96-433/standards/airworthiness-manual-chapter-523-normal-category-aeroplanes/airworthiness-manual-chapter-523-subchapter-f-equipment-canadian-aviation-regulations-cars

56. Source: skybrary.aero
Link:https://skybrary.aero/sites/default/files/bookshelf/3424.pdf

57. Source: skybrary.aero
Title: I I!!I~ II II IIII Iliil II
Link:https://skybrary.aero/sites/default/files/bookshelf/4078.pdf

58. Source: skybrary.aero
Link:https://skybrary.aero/sites/default/files/bookshelf/2037.pdf

59. Source: youtube.com
Link:https://www.youtube.com/shorts/oroR7m8stkM

60. Source: youtube.com
Title: Dangerous Optical Illusions On Approach
Link:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d5BUXAozb08

61. Source: youtube.com
Link:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IyhHQ0d6RJk

62. Source: youtube.com
Title: The Shag Harbour UFO Incident
Link:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bq7TI8zzM1g

63. Source: youtube.com
Title: Strange Object Over Montreal
Link:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EKBixjv3zXE

64. Source: youtube.com
Link:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5BcGi3iWSe8

65. Source: youtube.com
Link:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9bBsWjjCChg

66. Source: tvanouvelles.ca
Link:https://www.tvanouvelles.ca/2024/01/26/de-mysterieux-ovnis-dans-la-region-de-sherbrooke-lhiver-dernier

67. Source: tvanouvelles.ca
Title: en images un escadron dhelicopteres fait tourner les tetes a montreal
Link:https://www.tvanouvelles.ca/2023/03/03/en-images–un-escadron-dhelicopteres-fait-tourner-les-tetes-a-montreal

68. Source: nuforc.org
Link:https://nuforc.org/sighting/?id=196817

69. Source: nuforc.org
Link:https://nuforc.org/sighting/?id=180617

70. Source: nuforc.org
Link:https://nuforc.org/sighting/?id=175170

71. Source: newsweekjapan.jp
Link:https://www.newsweekjapan.jp/articles/-/51102

72. Source: books.google.com
Link:https://books.google.com/books/about/CADORS.html?id=0HALHQAACAAJ

Additional References

73. Source: admtl.com
Link:https://www.admtl.com/corporate/about-us

74. Source: faa.gov
Link:https://www.faa.gov/air_traffic/publications/atpubs/aim_html/chap4_section_5.html

75. Source: researchgate.net
Link:https://www.researchgate.net/publication/332254869_Surveillance_Radar_System_Limitations_and_the_Advent_of_the_Automatic_Dependent_Surveillance_Broadcast_system_for_Aircraft_Monitoring

76. Source: admtl.com
Link:https://www.admtl.com/en-CA/corporate/about-us

77. Source: facebook.com
Link:https://www.facebook.com/groups/aviationn/posts/10156525191772928/

78. Source: reddit.com
Link:https://www.reddit.com/r/UFOs/comments/17kn6or/autokinesis_a_real_phenomenon_we_should_all_be/

79. Source: singularfortean.com
Link:https://www.singularfortean.com/news/2023/2/23/canadian-pilot-reports-anomalous-lights-near-yellowknife-canada

80. Source: admtl.com
Link:https://www.admtl.com/organisation/medias/faits-saillants

81. Source: admtl.com
Link:https://www.admtl.com/communaute/gestion-climat-sonore/indicateurs

82. Source: admtl.com
Link:https://www.admtl.com/en-CA/corporate/medias/key-facts